coa statement and sketch example

To determine conditions and resources required for success. Where will the enemy establish firing lines or support by fire positions? The leader determines the effects of each aspect of terrain on both friendly and enemy forces. The leader should clearly explain what the decisive point is to his subordinate leaders and why it is decisive; this objective, in conjunction with his commander's intent, facilitates subordinate initiative. Categories of terrain, unrestricted terrain free of restrictions to movement, so no actions are needed to enhance mobility. This then would restrict the unit's ability to mass the effects of combat power. Also, they identify the tasks, purposes, and dispositions for all adjacent maneuver elements under headquarters control. The area of interest includes threat forces or other elements characterizing the operational environment and greatly influencing the accomplishment of the mission. A-50. An appreciation for time, space, and triggers needed to integrate direct and indirect fire support, obscurants, engineers, air defense artillery, and chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear with maneuver platoons (Infantry, antiarmor, or tank) to support unit tasks and purposes identified in the scheme of maneuver. Partial cloud cover can cause glare, a condition attacking aircraft might use to conceal their approach to the target. The impact on civilians. Identify the essential communicators and formal and informal processes used to influence people. By defining organizations within the community, leaders can understand what groups have power and influence over their own smaller communities and what groups can assist our forces. When the mission window passed, he canceled the mission. Most missions and tasks can be accomplished in more than one way. A-66. Every culture, every group of people, has patterns of behavior. Likewise, he must understand enemy doctrinal objectives. What effect will this have on the way the enemy fights?. Area of interest. The leader, based on his initial analysis of METT-TC, his situational awareness, his vision, and insight into how such factors can affect the unit's mission, should visualize where, when, and how his unit's ability to generate combat power (firepower, protection, maneuver, leadership, and information) can overwhelm the enemy's abilities to generate combat power. He considers light data and identifies critical conclusions about The object is to determine what can go wrong and what decision the leader likely will have to make as a result. The CCIRs identify and filter information needed by leaders to support their vision and to make critical decisions, especially to determine or validate COA. How will temperature and humidity affect the unit's rate of march? Implied Tasks. As the passengers boarded, I noticed a slight haze in the distance. Leaders find their units' purposes in the concepts of the operation in the immediate higher headquarters OPORDs. If a solution does not exist, the leader must develop one. The mission is always the first factor leaders consider and most basic question: What have I been told to do, and why? These two products are the basis for paragraph 3 of the OPORD. Routine, cyclical, planned, or spontaneous activities which significantly affect organizations, people, and military operations, including seasons, festivals, holidays, funerals, political rallies, and agricultural crop/livestock and market cycles and paydays. A-64. He made an informed decision to put the crews on standby in case the weather lifted. He also determines the sustainment aspects of the COA. Leaders assign responsibility for each task to a subordinate. He assesses the ability of the attacking force to overwatch or support movement (with direct fire). Generate Options What is the location of current and probable enemy positions? Defined Operational Environment Once he briefs the enemy analysis to his subordinates, he must ensure they understand differences between what he knows, what he suspects, and what he just templates (estimates). A-25. Which terrain provides bounding elements with cover and concealment while increasing lethality? What is the enemy's most probable course of action? Prepare COA statement and sketch Avenue of approach Key terrain COA Analysis (war game) Observation/fields *Action - Reaction - Counteraction* of fire Methods Cover and concealment Box. A-109. This is why the leader must develop a tactically sound and flexible plan. 1 level below BN sketch)w/ all crew served weapons (SITEMP) using AGADAP Analyze relative combat power (Caps by WFF) Generate Options Array Forces - Battle Positions, EA's, Routes, Times, Reserves, Crew Served WPNs Systems, Etc.. Leaders understand their immediate headquarters concept of the operation. Consideration of the weather's effects is an essential part of the leader's mission analysis. A-70. The five military aspects of weather are visibility; winds; precipitation; cloud cover; and temperature and humidity. A-71. COA analysis (war gaming) brings together friendly and enemy forces on the actual terrain to visualize how the operation will unfold. First, leaders consider TTP from doctrine, unit SOPs, history, or other resources to determine if a solution to a similar tactical problem exists already. Defensive considerations the leader can include in his evaluation of avenues of approach: Key Terrain The COA sketch is a drawing or series of drawings to assist the leader in describing how the operation will unfold. The graphic depiction of terrain can be a photograph, overlay for a map sheet, or a terrain model. How can friendly and enemy forces use the available cover and concealment? (a) The decisive point method employs the following steps: Determine the decisive point and the results to be achieved there. He then must task organize his forces specific to the respective essential tactical tasks and purposes assigned to his subordinate elements. Leaders also must determine if terrain is decisive. Lessons Learned A COA should be suitable, feasible, acceptable, distinguishable, and complete: Note. Not only does it facilitate planning, but it also aids in briefing subordinates. The length of crossover time depends on air temperature, soil and vegetation types, amount of cloud cover, and other factors. The leader must not only appreciate how much time is available, but he also must be able to appreciate the time/space aspects of preparing, moving, fighting, and sustaining. This product is similar to the MCOO in it shows the critical military aspects of terrain. After these groups have been defined, analyzing them and determining their contributions or resistance to friendly operations is easier. The leader identifies critical factors about temperature, including high and low temperatures, infrared crossover times, and effects of obscurants and The decisive operation's purpose is nested to his unit's overall purpose and is achieved at his decisive point. In the defense, weapon positions must be both lethal to the enemy and survivable to the Soldier. They identify their headquarters tasks and purposes as well as their own contributions to this fight. This team effort ensured a more accurate assessment for the battle captain. If time permits, the leader might be able to conduct a pattern analysis of the enemy's actions to predict future actions. How can the enemy use each avenue of approach? Strong winds also can hamper the efficiency of directional antenna systems by inducing antenna wobble. Engineer forces might be needed to improve mobility or platoon and squads might have to deviate from doctrinal tactics. Information Requirements A-37. A-95. of the enemy and update their enemy templates as new information or trends become available. Search and attack operations are conducted by smaller, light maneuver units and air cavalry or air assault units in large areas. Implied tasks derive from a detailed analysis of higher up orders, from the enemy situation and COA, from the terrain, and from knowledge of doctrine and history. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms fancy Study by Action statement, Classes of Action Sketch, COA statment and sketch additionally see. Structures Constraints either prohibit or require an action. Offensive considerations the leader can include in his evaluation of avenues of approach: A-46. Is the enemy controlling this key terrain? This reconnaissance helps him to see the ground objectively and to see how it will affect both forces: A-54. Existing obstacles, man-made include towns; canals; railroad embankments; buildings; power lines; telephone lines. Leaders must understand how their units' purposes relate to higher. What are the capabilities of his weapons? It enables him, A-123. This fact forces leaders to determine how to get assistance when the situation exceeds their capabilities. Events The normal cycle for an offensive mission is tactical movement, actions on the objective, and consolidation and reorganization. (Refer to Assign Responsibilities This 3-page document outlines an individual's education and training, their appointments and positions, and other . Just because the report you receive says you have legal weather, don't always assume it is accurate. In order to make the creation of COA diagrams eortless for the user, interaction must occur eortlessly and the interface should be invisible to the user. A-28. For decisive operations, since the purposes are the same (nested concept) the essential task also accomplishes the higher headquarters purpose. A-26. I kept an eye on the dust cloud and the instrument panel at the same time, which wasn't a good idea because I soon became disoriented. 8. We informed the battle captain of our weather forecaster's concerns of flying the mission. A-27. Where do I position indirect fire observers? Strength A-34. AGADAP Example Walk-through Part 3:. Therefore, a secondary product of analysis of troops and support available should be an answer to the question:, how do I get help? Then, using doctrinal requirements as a guide, the leader assigns purposes and tasks to decisive, and shaping, and sustaining operations. Key Term coa statement and sketch example; Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. The two flight crews met at the TOC for the mission briefing. The analysis is a comparison of how a structures location, functions, and capabilities as compared to costs and consequences of such use. The leader groups mutually supporting mobility corridors to form an avenue of approach. This may include or be limited to adjusting the COA to better address risk. It was about a 20-minute flight and as we got closer, the dust storm worsened. Without determining a valid decisive point, the leader cannot begin to develop a valid or tactically sound COA. In all cases, the enemy's recent activities must be understood, because they can provide insight into his future activities and intentions. A situation template is a visual illustration of how the enemy force might look and act without the effects of weather and terrain. Based on the S-2s assessment and enemy's doctrine and current location, the leader must determine the enemy's capabilities. From the modified combined obstacle overlay (MCOO) developed by higher headquarters, leaders already appreciate the general nature of the ground and effects of weather. The purpose of COA development is to determine one or more ways to accomplish the mission consistent with the immediate higher commander's intent. After identifying these avenues, the leader evaluates each and determines its importance. Leaders understand their second higher up concepts of the operation. However, if it offers cover and concealment, observation, and good fields of fire on multiple avenues of approach, or on the only avenue of approach, then it offers a definite advantage to whoever controls it. In the end, the usefulness of mission analysis lies in recognizing and capitalizing on opportunities. Our pilot report, along with others, gave the forecaster more information to augment his observation. The leader must thoroughly understand when, where, and how the enemy prefers or tends to use his assets. Time refers to many factors during the operations process (plan, prepare, execute, and assess). Prepare a COA statement and sketch. How can I take advantage of the limited illumination? It is not merely a calculation and comparison of friendly and enemy weapons numbers or units with the aim of gaining a numerical advantage. A-107. This includes studying the maximum effective range for each weapon system, the doctrinal rates of march, and timelines associated with the performance of certain tasks. Terrain and weather are the most important aspects. IPB. How will temperature and humidity affect the Soldiers and equipment? Similarly, shaping operation purposes must relate directly to those of the decisive operation. The product of this process is the synchronization matrix. PIR are best expressed in a question being answered yes or no. The COA statement briefly expresses how the unit will conduct the combined arm concept. However, the weather forecaster at our station did not agree with that assessment. Civil considerations generally focus on the immediate impact of civilians on operations in progress. What axes afford both clear fields of fire and cover and concealment? A-31. The unit has the technical and tactical skills and resources to accomplish the COA, with available time, space, and resources. Most importantly, as events occur, he must adjust the time available to him and assess its impact on what he wants to accomplish. Gaining complete understanding of the enemy's intentions can be difficult when his situation templates, composition, and disposition are unclear. The problem statement generated during problem framing communicates the commander's understanding of the problem or problem set upon which the organization will act. OAKOC The need for control measures, such as checkpoints, contact points, and target registration points, aid in control, flexibility, and synchronization. The first three steps of COA development provide the bulk of the COA statement. In addition, consider how historical, cultural, and social factors shape public perceptions beliefs, goals, and expectations. Mission analysis has no time standard. The consequences of tactical risk take two major forms: A-105. He determines the disposition of the next two higher enemy elements. Prepare COA Statements and Sketches Conduct a Course of Action Briefing. The decisive point might orient on terrain, enemy, time, or a combination of these. What would you have done in our situation? Deviations or significant conclusions reached during their enemy analysis could positively or negatively affect the battalion's and companys plan should be shared immediately with the battalion, company commander and S-2. Given more time, they might analyze the remainder of their platoons area of operation and area of interest. If more than one COA is developed, it must be sufficiently different from the others to justify full development and consideration. He also may make sound assumptions about the enemy, human nature, and local culture. The leader also determines the capabilities of the next higher enemy element. COA Statement and Sketch. How and when they do so depends on when they receive information as well as on their experience and preferences. Higher headquarters information, he determines how the enemy is (or might be) arrayed. 8. He includes in this situation template the likely sectors of fire of the enemy weapons and tactical and protective obstacles, either identified or merely templated, which support defensive tasks. A-78. Capabilities A-100. Information needed to complete paragraphs 3, 4, and 5 of the OPORD. The leader must consider two kinds of risk: tactical and accident. During execution, their continuous analyses enable them to issue well-developed area of operation as well as the doctrinal requirements for each specified task might reveal the implied tasks. He must not take these as facts. Using the targeting methodology of D3A (decide, detect, deliver, and assess) may prove useful in determining whether a leader or influencer would best facilitate an operation, when to engage them, and what to expect. FRAGORDs. The commander also issues planning guidance to the staff, such as time limitations or a change in commander's intent. Leaders in small units primarily use the COA statement and COA sketch to describe the concept of the operation. A-82. Develop a Concept of Operations He need not wait for a complete OPORD before starting to develop his own tentative plan. Composition This preview shows page 13 - 24 out of 34 pages. The sequence can vary. (Refer to ATP 2-01.3 for more information.). Many Eastern cultures rely upon religious organizations as their centers of power and influence, whereas Western culture's power comes from political institutions by elected officials. A-110. It also gives subordinates the maximum latitude for initiative. Will temperatures and humidity favor the use of nonpersistent chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear? We had passengers, field Soldiers, aircrew and our aircraft to consider. Next, the leader analyzes relative combat power, generates options, arrays his forces, develops a CONOP, assigns responsibility, and prepares a COA statement and sketch. Where are the natural target registration points? Pajota's Guerillas' mission is to block off a mile of road through the use of road blocks on both sides of the highway bridge cross over Cabu Creek of an estimated 300 yards northeast from compound. Assess capabilities in terms of those required to save, sustain, or enhance life, in that order. This time we were lucky, we arrived without having to use the emergency GPS approach. The answers to the following questions become inputs into developing a COA. Decisive terrain. Near the ground, high winds increase turbulence and may inhibit maneuver. It also should give subordinates the maximum latitude for initiative. The COA covers the operational factors of who, what, when, where, and how, and must show from start to finish how the unit will accomplish the mission. The refined product is a platoon situation template, a graphic showing how he believes the enemy will fight under specific operational conditions. Both the COA statement and sketch focus at the decisive point. He begins TLP Step 3 after he issues his own WARNORD, and after he has received companys third WARNORD, or until he has enough information to proceed. The concept of the operation describes how the leader envisions the operation unfolding, from its start to its conclusion or end state. Your browser does not support the video tag. CCIRs also helps focus the efforts of subordinates and aids in the allocation of resources. Leaders must know more than just the number and types of vehicles, Soldiers, and weapons the enemy has. Implied tasks are those being performed to accomplish a specified task, but that are not stated in a higher headquarters order. A-40. In doctrinal terms, he asksIs the enemy oriented on the terrain, example, a reconnaissance force, his own force (assault force, terrorists, or insurgent forces), civilian forces or critical infrastructure (terrorist or insurgent forces, sabotage), or other supporting or adjacent friendly forces (as in a disruption zone)? This was certainly not an isolated incident in country. He then develops the maneuver control measures necessary to convey his intent, enhance the understanding of the schemes of maneuver, prevent fratricide, and clarify the tasks and purposes of the decisive shaping, and sustaining operations. Existing obstacles, natural include rivers; forests; mountains; ravines; gaps and ditches more than three meters wide; tree stumps and large rocks more than 18 inches high; forests with trees eight inches or more in diameter, with less than four meters between trees. He determines the specific quantity of squads, weapons (by type), and fire support necessary to accomplish each task against the enemy array of forces. Recommended enemy situation template items. We stopped our climb at a base altitude of 3,000 feet and returned to the airfield. The leader also must identify civil considerations affecting his mission. The reason the staff used the selected control measures. Some precipitation questions to answer include . They try to keep their span of control between two to five subordinate elements. Prepare a COA statement and sketch (Decisive point, form of maneuver, and statement of each task to be accomplished) Write your mission statement using the 5Ws. The process of getting from the original COA inputs (statement and sketch) to the formal inputs needed . If the leader determines his tentative decisive point is not valid during COA development or analysis, then he must determine another decisive point and restart COA development. What additional Soldiers or units will accompany? Match. A-29. A leader must convey to his subordinates the importance of these deductions, and effect they will have on the units operations. How can I use these features to force the enemy into its engagement area, deny him an avenue, or disrupt his movement? Using the product from generating options, the leader then determines what combinations of Soldiers, weapons, and other systems are needed to accomplish each task. A-94. This aspect of civil considerations reinforces the security of the community against poverty and other enablers to instability. With the preflight accomplished and the gear prearranged where we wanted it, we headed for the dining facility to grab dinner before our long mission. They must understand why their leaders one level up assigned their unit's particular purposes. We boarded our aircraft, started the engines and positioned ourselves at the passenger terminal to pick up our first passengers for the evening. Assumptions Identifies the enemy's strength by unit. Reinforcing obstacles, protective (reinforcing) obstacles offer close-in protection and are important to survivability. How will cloud cover affect the target acquisition of the command launch unit? A-23. The leader ensures every unit in his command is employed, every asset is attached and adequate mission command is provided for each element. Accident risk includes all operational risk other than tactical risk and can include hazards concerning friendly personnel, equipment readiness, and environment. Leaders should know the disposition, composition, strength, and capabilities of their forces one and two levels down. Defensive considerations in analyzing observation and fields of fire. The first example, which describes the process in detail, is a continuation of the exercise design . Assumptions Courses of Action (COA) Refined COAs Potential decision points War-game results Initial assessment measures Update assumption Approved COA Adv/Disadvantages of each COA COA. The COA statement specifies how the unit will accomplish the mission. The leader identifies critical conclusions about visibility factors such as light data, fog, and smog; and about battlefield obscurants such as smoke and dust. They take five steps to fully analyze their assigned mission as directed from higher . to convey the operation in a doctrinal context. Where can I destroy the enemy? How will cloud cover affect unit operations at night? You may begin work on the COA S&S after you have . Observation and Fields of Fire However, as time permits, he can develop as many COA, for comparison purposes, as time allows. They decide where their forces can deploy into attack formations that facilitate the initial contact and still provide freedom of action for the bulk of their forces. 2. He makes the final selection of a COA based on his own judgment, the start time of the operation, the area of operation, the scheme of maneuver, and subordinate unit tasks and purposes. Areas of operation. You may begin work on the COA S&S after you have completed the C600 block of instruction and the C634 MDMP Exam. A-77. Table A-1 shows recommended situation template items. Differences between the situation templates must be resolved before the leader can continue analyzing the enemy. Examples of critical events that can be identified in advance for a defensive operation are reward passage of counter reconnaissance forces, commitment of the reserve, displacement of forces,. Know who is in charge and who can influence and enable unit leaders to exercise governance and monitor security within a prescribed area. Some cloud cover questions follow: Temperature and Humidity This often becomes a union of resources and specialized capabilities. Research the weather reports and gain the knowledge you need. If the information is available, he determines the echelon force where the enemy originated. b. Leaders analyze the enemy's dispositions, compositions, strengths, doctrine, equipment, capabilities, vulnerabilities, and probable COA. The leader identifies critical factors such as type, amount, and duration of precipitation. If the benefits of performing the mission do not significantly outweigh the inherent risks of marginal/borderline weather, the flight should be a no-go or implement alternate transportation to accomplish the mission safely. A-91. Analysis of civil considerations answers three critical questions, A-90. Leaders capture their understanding of what their units are to accomplish in their revised mission statements. Limited planning time forces leaders to prioritize their terrain analyses. A-63. Leaders must identify and understand tasks required to accomplish a given mission. A description of the weather we had encountered earlier added credence to our discussions with the battle captain. Performance Knowledge Bases program is an example of an enabling tool towards that goal. Analyze how vital civilian areas affect the missions of respective forces and how military operations affect these areas. In common usage, especially when applied to lower military units, a mission is a duty or task assigned to an individual or unit. Capabilities When integrated with terrain, the refined product becomes the unit's operations overlay. Second, leaders confirm the missions decisive point. A-36. Visibility A prominent hilltop overlooking an avenue of approach might or might not be key terrain. Once identified, risk must be reduced through controls. Identifying a tentative decisive point and verifying it during COA development is the most important aspect of the TLP. If a leader identifies terrain as decisive, this means he recognizes seizing or retaining it is necessary to accomplish the mission. -Form of maneuver or type of defensive operation. Include traditional high-payoff targets, protected cultural sites, and facilities with practical applications. He should be familiar with the basic characteristics of the units and platforms identified. Unless given the benefit of information collection, his situation template is only an estimate of how the enemy might be disposed. Seize, destroy, and neutralize are examples of tasks associated with an offensive operation. 1 / 38. Avenues of approach are classified by type (mounted, dismounted, air, or subterranean), formation, and speed of the largest unit traveling on it. In a time-constrained environment, a platoon leader typically develops only one COA. Disposition Will wind speed and direction affect the employment of available mortars? Specified tasks also may be found in annexes and overlays, for example-- "Seize OBJ FOX. Will I attack toward the sunrise? -Tasks and purposes of the decisive, shaping, and sustaining operations. A-61. Analyzing METT-TC is a continuous process. The decisive point does not simply restate the unit's essential task or purpose; it defines how, where, or when the unit will accomplish its purpose. Is this terrain also important to the enemy? For example, they might have to move in columns rather than in lines. It allows the platoon and squads to move with little hindrance. Capabilities can refer to the ability of local authorities to provide essential functions and services. The upwind force usually has better visibility. Fratricide is an example of an accident risk. _____ (60 points total) COURSE OF ACTION STATEMENT Template events and analyze them for their political, economic, psychological, environmental, and legal implications. They must assess if the new information affects their missions and plans. How can precipitation (or lack of it) add to the unit achieving surprise? What lateral routes could we use to shift to other axes, and which could the enemy use to threaten our flanks? They maintain understanding of subordinates readiness, including maintenance, training, strengths and weaknesses, leaders, and logistic status. Leaders assess risk continuously throughout COA development. Definition. A-79. 4 Q Will wind speed cause obscurants to dissipate quickly? He conducts mission analysis to help him start developing his vision, and to confirm what he must do to accomplish his mission. Extremes of temperature and humidity reduce personnel and equipment capabilities and may require the use of special shelter or equipment. Enemy Situation Template A-73. At greater altitudes, it can increase or reduce fuel consumption. This is extremely important in understanding when and where to commit combat power, what relationships can be reinforced with certain groups versus what relationships need to start or cease, and ultimately what second and third order effects our actions will have in the area of operation.

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