is lindane a severe marine pollutant

Cyanobacteria are able to tolerate, and even metabolize, moderate doses of organochlorine pesticides, such as lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane), one of the most persistent and widely used in recent decades. To use all the functions on Chemie.DE please activate JavaScript. The company seeks damages and injunctive relief against all of the defendants. The companys promotion agreement with Alliant Pharmaceuticals, which commenced in 2005, was terminated May 2007. [30][31]The US FDA continues to maintain that lindane medications have necessary health benefits that outweigh potential risks and should remain available for patients with head lice, scabies and pubic lice (crabs) who have few treatment alternatives. Lindane has adverse effects on Marine pollutants or environmentally hazardous substances are materials that can pose a risk to aquatic ecosystems. Marine pollutant is a term mainly used by IMDG code while the term " environmentally hazardous substances " are used by other dangerous goods regulations such as ADR and IATA. The International HCH and Pesticide Forum has since been established to bring together experts to address the clean-up and containment of these sites. Refer for medical attention . Decomposes on heating and on burning. Risk of fire and explosion if formulations contain flammable/explosive solvents. WebLindane, a lipophilic pollutant, may be toxic to organisms. Column 1 is labeled S.M.P. for Severe Marine Pollutants and Column 2 is A medication guide, written in plain English, was also developed and is now required by law to be dispensed with every lindane prescription dispensed in the U.S. to better educate patients and caregivers on safe application technique. Where two or more components that make a material a marine pollutant are present, the names of at least two of the components most predominantly contributing to the marine pollutant designation must appear in parentheses in association with the marked proper shipping name. Lindane persists in the environment and bioaccumulates as an organochlorine pesticide and can pose risks to ecological environments and human However, Morton Grove presented new facts supporting its case for jurisdiction in Illinois and the Court held that Morton Grove's "Second Amended Complaint would provide specific jurisdiction over the Center and Weil." Well closed. Dizziness. "[14], The most common side effects associated with topical use of lindane medications are nonserious reactions of the skin, including burning, itching, dryness and rash. 104 0 obj <> endobj 0000005726 00000 n trailer (4) On a package of limited quantity material marked in accordance with 172.315 of this part. [34], In response to Morton Grove's complaint, the Ecology Center defendants moved to dismiss the case based on an alleged lack of personal jurisdiction. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development. Effects of long-term or repeated exposure (2) On a combination packaging containing a marine pollutant, other than a severe marine pollutant, in inner packagings each of which contains: (i) 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less net capacity for liquids; or. [1] The ecological impact of lindanes environmental persistence continues to be debated. Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0 does not support some functions on Chemie.DE. WebThis Lindane Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document replaces the earlier National Marine Fisheries Service No Observed Adverse Effect Level National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Population Adjusted Dose Pesticide Analytical Method Public Document [1] In 2003, the EPA reported on the results of large-scale water contaminant testing of 16,000 water systems serving 100 million people across the U.S. and found that none contained lindane levels above the maximum contaminant level standard considered safe. [1] DEA methoxycinnamate. In the U.S., lindane medications are approved for the treatment of scabies, pubic lice (crabs), and head lice. Gyceril PABA. A review of the most serious cases described 15 deaths of which two were confirmed related to lindane misuse including a suicidal ingestion. Camphor benzalkonium methosulfate. [4] Lindane has not been manufactured in the U.S. since the mid-1970s but continues to be imported and formulated for restricted use. 125 0 obj <>stream Sweep spilled substance into sealable non-metallic containers. WebLindane is considered a marine pollutant, and special requirements have been set for marking, labeling, and transporting this material. 0000006227 00000 n The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. This article wants to briefly summarise the The mark must be visible from the direction it faces. The symbol and border must be black on a white or suitable contrasting background. [4] There is a bill in the New York State Assembly and Senate to ban its use in head lice products and limit its use on scabies, which had not passed as of September 2007. In the 1940s, lindane was registered with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and in 1951 it was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for medical use in the treatment of scabies, head lice and pubic lice (crabs). The substance may have effects on the nervous system, bone marrow and liver. [5] However, in 2006, the Agency published an addendum to its initial decision and called for the voluntary cancellation of all agricultural uses by registered manufacturers (effective July 2007), citing a significant change in the costs and benefits of agricultural uses due to the recent introduction of seed-treatment alternatives to lindane. [7][8][9] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also includes lindane medications in their Sexually Transmitted Disease Treatment Guidelines as viable treatment alternatives for the management of scabies and pubic lice, consistent with the approved prescription labeling for these products. Air quality and pollution has gotten worse in Colorado. [16] Only rarely have seizures and even more rarely fatal reactions been reported when lindane medications were used (presumably) according to directions.[7][11][12]. Refer immediately for medical attention. (c) A transport vehicle or freight container that contains a package subject to the marking requirements of paragraph (a) or (b) of this section must be marked with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark. Vlkov and Hofman demonstrated that soil properties affect the bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants such as lindane, DDT, phenanthrene and Refer for medical attention. [1] Adverse hematologic effects have also been reported with chronic occupational exposures and excessive dermal applications; however, a direct cause and effect has not been established. 0000000016 00000 n This mark may be displayed in black lettering on a white square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard. The mark must appear on each side and each end of the transport vehicle or freight container, and must be visible from the direction it faces. [11][12] Both medications contain only the gamma-HCH isomer, and are available as prescription-only medications. The MARINE POLLUTANT mark must conform to the following: (1) Except for size, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark must appear as follows: (2) The marking must be in the form of a square-on-point. 0000006477 00000 n [7][11][12] [16] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Indeed, most of the adverse human health effects reported for lindane have related to agricultural uses and chronic, occupational exposure of seed treatment workers to agricultural-grade lindane. Code of Federal Regulations Title 49. (e) MARINE POLLUTANT mark. Your browser does not support JavaScript. For these purposes, 105 fish were exposed to different concentrations of Lindane for 96 h in 5 groups with 3 replications. Remove contaminated clothes. [citation needed], The US EPA has determined that lindane does not contaminant drinking water in excess of the Agency's level of concern. They are second line treatments, meaning they are prescribed only when first-line therapies have failed, cannot be tolerated or are otherwise contraindicated. Lindane has long been associated with pollution due to its long persistence and quick accumulation in fatty tissues. People who are occupationally exposed to it are advised to avoid its contact with eyes, skin and via inhalation. [1][19] The most common side effects with topical use of lindane medications are nonserious reactions of the skin, including burning, itching, dryness and rash. [1] In the 1940s and 1950s lindane producers stockpiled these isomers in open heaps, which led to ground and water contamination. Nausea. At the same time, a boxed warning was added to the prescription label to highlight to healthcare providers appropriate use criteria and rare treatment risks. 1997-2023 LUMITOS AG, All rights reserved, https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Lindane.html, Your browser is not current. 0000002475 00000 n xref 0000003713 00000 n First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention. [11][12], While adverse reactions can occur with use of low-dose topical pharmaceutical formulations, serious effects are rare and have most often resulted from the misuse of medication. In humans, lindane primarily affects the nervous system, liver and kidneys, and may be a carcinogen and/or endocrine disruptor.[1][2]. Larger than the issue of lindane toxicity are concerns related to the non-gamma isomers of HCH, namely alpha-HCH and beta-HCH, which are notably more toxic than lindane. A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed. Physical State; Appearance Wash hands before eating. Separated from bases and food and feedstuffs. WebLindane is considered to be highly toxic to aquatic organisms, and moderately toxic to birds and mammals. In 2003, the FDA published a safety analysis of adverse events reported in association with the use of lindane medications received through its adverse event monitoring system (AERS database) between from 1974 through 2002. %PDF-1.4 % [10] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Other countries, like Canada, similarly approve of pharmaceutical applications for lindane but no longer permit its broader use agriculturally. WebLINDANE: ICSC: 0053 (November 2016) gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane gamma-BHC gamma-HCH: CAS #: 58-89-9: UN #: 2761 EC Number: 200-401-2 ACUTE (Note: These events represent the most common reported to the FDA and do not represent the most common events associated with the use of lindane lotion and lindane shampoo overall). In 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) called for the voluntary cancellation of all agricultural uses of lindane, limited in recent years to pre-planting seed treatments. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Ethyl-4-aminobenzoate. It is also a recognised irritant. [7] [17] When used properly, lindane medications are safe and effective for the diseases they are approved. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. 0000047710 00000 n [18] (see also Agricultural vs. Healthcare Applications) Vomiting. (i) At least 100 mm (3.9 inches) as measured from the outside of the lines forming the border for marks applied to: (A) Non-bulk packages, except in the case of packages which, because of their size, can only bear smaller marks. This substance is carcinogenic to humans. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. This may result in convulsions. This study investigates acute toxicity and histological effects of Lindane insecticide on intestinal tissues of immature grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). (b) Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, a bulk packaging that contains a marine pollutant must -, (1) Be marked with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark on at least two opposing sides or two ends other than the bottom if the packaging has a capacity of less than 3,785 L (1,000 gallons). Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance, chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus and protective gloves. [7], In the face of negative publicity concerning lindane pharmaceutical products, the U.S. manufacturer, Morton Grove Pharmaceuticals, filed a legal complaint on February 6, 2007 in the U.S. District Court in Chicago, Illinois against the National Pediculosis Association, the Ecology Center, Inc., and two physicians for statements made and disseminated to healthcare providers and consumers using the internet and through a series of printed literature . This produces toxic and corrosive fumes including hydrogen chloride and trichlorobenzenes (see ICSCs 0344, 1049 and 1222). 0000001686 00000 n Depending on the degree of exposure, periodic medical examination is suggested. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink, but NOT if convulsions occur. [7] These infectious diseases, two of which are sexually transmitted, affect tens of millions of Americans and hundreds of millions of people worldwide every year. [1] Vomiting and nausea are usual symptoms associated with oral ingestions of lindane but serious neurologic effects can occur, albeit less frequently. 0000001466 00000 n [15], The current FDA-approved product labeling emphasizes that lindane medications are contraindicated for use in premature infants and individuals with known uncontrolled seizure disorders and should be used with caution in infants, children, the elderly, and individuals with other skin conditions (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis) and in those who weigh less than 110 lbs (50 kg) as they may be at risk of serious neurotoxicity. Exposure could cause death. (ii) 5 kg (11 pounds) or less net capacity for solids. 89 0 obj <>stream Samples of intestinal tissues were prepared in both control Lindane, also known as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (-HCH) and benzene hexachloride (BHC), is an organochlorine insecticide that has been used in agriculture and in pharmaceutical products for the treatment of headlice and scabies. 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate (Octinoxate, Uvinul MC80) Glyceril octanoate dimethoxylcinnamate. 0000003215 00000 n Fish, marine mammals and birds in the region are exposed to environmental pollutants, increasing the stress of the marine ecosystem. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. (2) Be marked on each end and each side with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark if the packaging has a capacity of 3,785 L (1,000 gallons) or more. [13], The State of California banned the pharmaceutical use of lindane, effective 2002. Aurora is best viewed in areas without light pollution and no cloud cover. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Lindane in soil can leach to surface and even ground water and can bioaccumulate in the food chain. Reacts with bases. [28] More specifically, the EPA conducted down-the-drain estimates of the amount of lindane reaching public water supplies from the use of lindane medications using data from California water treatment facilities, concluding that lindane levels from pharmaceutical sources were extremely low and not of concern.[5]. WebThe MARINE POLLUTANT mark must conform to the following: (1) Except for size, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark must appear as follows: Symbol (fish and tree): Black on 0 The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. WebLindane is an organochlorine pesticide belonging to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that has been widely used to treat agricultural pests. During this time, the vast majority of lindane usemore than 99%has been for agricultural purposes and much of the safety and environmental concerns have related to this application. Lindane is registered for use in 50 countries, with restricted-use status in 33 of these countries. Access to page content (press "Enter") Lindane and Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. [7], In 1995, lindane medications were designated second-line and are now reserved for patients who are unable to tolerate or have failed first-line treatmentsa growing problem in the U.S. and elsewhere due to increased rates of resistance. However, lindane medications remain available in Canada for public health purposes as non-prescription therapies. WebThe concentration addition model was applied to determine whether toxicity of two compounds, phenanthrene (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) and lindane (ii) At least 250 mm (9.8 inches) for marks applied to all other bulk packages. People who are occupationally exposed to it are advised to avoid its This produces toxic and corrosive fumes including chlorine (see ICSC 0126), hydrogen chloride (see ICSC 0163) and phosgene (see ICSC 0007). Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. To use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. Lindane is categorized as a persistent organic pollutant, and its concentrated form persists in the aquatic environment. Lindane (Persistant Organic Pollutant) in the EU, Best Practices of De-Contamination Exchanged. The most common reports to the FDA were "drug ineffective," followed by convulsions, dermatitis and dizziness. [6] (see also Regulatory Status) The FDA, however, continues to support the use of lindane prescription medications, noting that The risk of occupational/environmental exposure should be assessed separately and independent of the risk related to the therapeutic use of a medication to treat a medical condition where there is direct benefit to the patient. In 1987, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified lindane as a possible human carcinogen. The mark may be displayed in black lettering on a square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard. [4][6] It is banned in 52 countries and the state of California, and is under review for addition to the Stockholm Convention On Persistent Organic Pollutants.

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