chemical composition of an apple list

The processes associated with aging and amplified in neurodegenerative diseases of aging are complex and not completely understood. Increasingly protective effects were observed in rats fed extract doses equivalent to 1, 3, or 6 apples/d with reductions in tumor incidence of 17, 39, and 44%, respectively. More than 4000 flavonoids have been identified and all share a common carbon skeleton structure (C6-C3-C6). The loss of bone mass is associated with osteoporosis and is viewed by some as a global epidemic. freshly squeezed orange juice. In the living rats, drinking the apple extract in water for 10 d or 1 h prior to indomethacin-induced injury prevented macroscopic injury and partial microscopic damage by 4045% (75). An analysis of urinary samples collected postconsumption at 1.5, 3, and 4.5 h demonstrated that the fresh and processed apple meals each decreased 3-h net acid excretion and attenuated calcium loss to a similar extent compared to the control meal (73). It is estimated that one-third of all cancer deaths could be prevented by improved diet, particularly increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains (13). Carbohydrates present in apples include starches and sugars, pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose among other things. To measure the animal response to dietary . A laboratory Experiment was carried out to determine the physic-chemical composition of Red Delicious and Amri apple varieties under fresh and stored condition, which were determined on October 30, November 30, and December 30. Individual compounds isolated from the apple extracts were not effective in altering any of the markers in this study, suggesting that the composite mixtures of components in the extracts were more important in mediating the observed effects than individual compounds, likely due to interaction/synergy between the different components. As is clear from table 1, carbohydrates are a major constituent of apples. All of the isolated compounds, including newly characterized triterpenes, had antioxidant activity at various levels. The concentration of polyphenols is influenced by the plant variety as well as environmental factors, including geographic region, growing season, and storage (3). Tumor size as a significant prognostic factor in T1 gastric cancer: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database analysis. The fruit composition is characterized by the presence of high amounts of physiologically active chemical constituents, such as sugars, organic acids, mineral salts, tannins, vitamins, pectin,. We can found it in plant cell wall. There is also inconsistency in the correlation between in vitro outcomes and in vivo antioxidant activity mediated by AP. VDOMDHTMLtml> What is the chemical composition for apple? Barth et al. Dina Spector. Future studies, including well-conducted clinical trials using whole apple preparations and juice, are clearly warranted. The characteristics that distinguish one substance from another are called properties. The findings of these investigators and many others suggest that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts in terms of a protective effect of AP on cancer. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun M, Barth SW, Fahndrich C, Bub A, Dietrich H, Watzl B, Will F, Briviba K, Rechkemmer G, Barth SW, Faehndrich C, Bub A, Watzl B, Will F, Dietrich H, Rechkemmer G, Briviba K, Goss F, Guyot S, Roussi S, Lobstein A, Fischer B, Seiler N, Raul F, Schaefer S, Baum M, Eisenbrand G, Dietrich H, Will F, Janzowski C, Olsson ME, Gustavsson K-E, Andersson S, Nilsson A, Duan R-D, Goss F, Roussi S, Guyot S, Schoenfelder A, Mann A, Bergerat J, Seiler N, Raul F, Kern M, Pahlke G, Balavenkatraman KK, Bohmer FD, Marko D, Veeriah S, Kautenburger T, Habermann N, Sauer J, Dietrich H, Will F, Pool-Zobel BL, Kahle K, Kraus M, Scheppach W, Richling E, Waldecker M, Kautenburger T, Daumann H, Veeriah S, Will F, Dietrich H, Pool-Zobel BL, Schrenk D, Liu J-R, Dong H-W, Chen B-Q, Zhao P, Liu R, Davis PA, Polagruto JA, Valacchi G, Phung A, Soucek K, Keen CL, Gershwin ME, Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Reunanen A, Maatela J, Avci A, Atli T, Eruder I, Varli M, Devrim E, Turgay S, Durak I, Ko S-H, Choi S-W, Ye S-K, Cho B-L, Kim H-S, Chung M-H, Maffei F, Tarozzi A, Carbone F, Marchesi A, Hrelia S, Angeloni C, Forti G, Hreliaa P, Cefarelli G, D'Abrosca B, Fiorentino A, Izzo A, Mastellone C, Pacifico S, Piscopo V, Schaefer S, Baum M, Eisenbrand G, Janzowski C, Dcord K, Teissdre P, Auger C, Cristol J-P, Rouanet J-M, Ogino Y, Osada K, Nakamura S, Ohta Y, Kanda T, Sugano M, Vidal R, Hernandez-Vallejo S, Pauquai T, Texier O, Rousset M, Chambaz J, Demignot S, Lacorte J-M, Romieu I, Varraso R, Avenel V, Leynaert B, Kauffmann F, Clavel-Chapelon F, Garcia V, Arts ICW, Sterne JAC, Thompson RL, Shaheen SO, Shaheen SO, Sterne JA, Thomson RL, Songhurt CE, Margetts BM, Burney PGJ, Okoko BJ, Burney PG, Newson RB, Potts JF, Shaheen SO, Willers SM, Devereux G, Craig L, McNeill G, Wijga A, Abou El-Magd W, Turner S, Helms P, Seaton A, Tabak C, Wijga A, deMeer G, Janssen N, Brunekreef B, Smit H, Patel BD, Welch AA, Bingham SA, Luben R, Day N, Khaw K-T, Lomas D, Wareham N, Tchantchou F, Chan A, Kifle L, Ortiz D, Shea T, Rogers EJ, Mihalik S, Ortiz D, Shea T, Viggiano A, Monda M, Turco I, Incarnato L, Vinno V, Viggiano E, Baccari M, De Luca B, Song Y, Manson J, Buring J, Sesson H, Lin S, Marks SC, Mullen W, Borges G, Crozier A, Conceio de Oliveira M, Sichieri R, Moura A, Prynne CJ, Mishra GD, O'Connell MA, Muniz G, Laskey MA, Yan L, Prentice A, Ginty F, Puel C, Quintin A, Mathey J, Obled C, Davicco M, Lebecque P, Kati-Coulibaly S, Horcajada M, Coxam V, Graziani G, D'Argenio G, Tuccillo C, Loguercio C, Ritieni A, Morisco F, Del Vecchio B, Fogliano V, Romano M. Molnr P, Kawase M, Satoh K, Sohara Y, Tanaka T, Tani S, Sakagami H, Nakashima H, Motohashi N, Gymnt N, et al. Ogino et al. After 80 d of treatment, it was found that phloridzin intake improved femoral bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover. Recent work in humans has moved toward a greater emphasis on examining mechanisms and biomarkers related to cardiovascular risk, in particular, oxidation and lipid metabolism. The aim of the study was assessing the advantages of dietary supplementation with the above pomaces. The investigators tested for the ability of apple to protect against DNA damage in cultured lymphocytes isolated after apple exposure and found a significant protective effect at 3 h with a gradual loss of protection 24 h postconsumption. Another in vitro study with AP demonstrated that there may be other beneficial effects to gastrointestinal health by an alternate mechanism of reducing risk of mutagenesis in gastric cancer (77). Other enzymes related to cancer etiology are also favorably affected by AP (24). Several ranking studies have been completed and the pros and cons of chemical methods used to assess in vitro antioxidant activity of fruits and vegetables have been debated and will not be reviewed here. There was no statistical association between reduced asthma or asthma severity and any of the flavonoids examined, inferring that compounds other than those studied must be attributed to the observed reduction in risk of asthma. Hydrochloric acid, aqueous solution 36%. The chemical structures of several representative polyphenols present in AP are shown in Fig. Total daily intake (g/d) of hard fruits (apples and pears) was included in the analysis with a median follow-up time of 6.4 y. A variety of in vitro systems have been used to test AP extracts for potential antioxidant capacity and the results of these studies have been variable. However, there are provocative data suggesting that mechanisms beyond antioxidant effects are important, including suppression of neurotoxic mediators in Alzheimer's disease. Peri L, Pietraforte D, Scorza G, Napolitano A, Fogliano V, Minetti M. Supported in part by the United States Apple Association and the Apple Products Research and Education Council. There have also been several studies that examined the potential of AP to reduce breast cancer risk. In a separate study, Shaheen et al. To address this issue, a recent study by Veeriah et al. The range of the isolated compounds with demonstrated activity was comparable to levels observed in human plasma in feeding trials. In addition to clinical data, recent animal feeding and in vitro studies have aimed to examine the potential protective link between AP and cancer. Example 3.4. I have been fighting the naturalistic fallacy lately and I seem to remember a picture of an apple with a list of compounds which I assumed were naturally occurring - I seem to remember it was a motivational type. There is no detailed breakdown of the relative proportion of apples compared to pears, but the authors noted that in general hard fruits were consumed in greater quantities than all other subgroups of fruit. Subsequent tests were conducted to determine if apple extracts (peel and flesh) and selected phytochemicals could attenuate this activation. Apple feeding significantly reduced the concentration of the oxidative marker MDA in urine to levels lower than those in healthy control animals. This study focused on a single concentration of one isolated compound; an expansion of work with this model using a wider range of concentrations and varied phytochemicals would be of interest. They found that apple consumption reduced anxious behavior in rats in elevated maze tests and restored synaptic function (long-term potentiation) to the level of younger animals. Early work suggested a potential association between AP intake and reduced risk of coronary artery disease, lung cancer, asthma, and diabetes. Search for other works by this author on: Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits, Effects of dietary flavonoids on apoptotic pathways related to cancer chemoprevention. It was found that apple consumption increased antioxidant enzymes, including SOD and glutathione peroxidase, in erythrocytes and overall antioxidant potential in plasma. One of the most common pesticides used on apples after harvest is diphenylamine, used to prevent apple scald or browning of the skin that can occur during storage. It has been proposed that an integrated approach incorporating antioxidant capacity values from several different assays in a validated statistical model might provide a more accurate assessment of the relative antioxidant capacity of foods (46). There was also a 1.5-fold increase in SCFA in the fermented samples compared to nonfermented. Given the increasing incidence of these 2 conditions, further study of the effect of AP on osteoporosis and diabetes is important to consider. 36081 points 635 comments. The fresh peeled apple meal included 311 g of unpeeled apple plus a protein drink and 53 g of candy; the applesauce test meal included 877.5 g of unsweetened canned applesauce and a protein drink and the control meal included just the candy (108 g) and the protein drink. Women in the highest quartile of apple intake compared to the lowest quartile had a significantly lower incidence of asthma. A great deal of work has focused on dietary polyphenols, particularly the most abundant subclasses, including flavonoids (60% of all polyphenols) and phenolic acids (30% of total polyphenols) (2). Nutrient Composition of Hawthorn. The incidence of diabetes, chiefly type 2 diabetes, has increased dramatically and is the subject of intensive study around the world. The infection of Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) can severely damage the cellular structure of apple leaves, leading to a decrease in leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) and reduced fruit yield. The potential of AP phytochemicals to reduce disease risk and improve health has caught the attention of scientists, practitioners, and the lay public. Add a Comment. Schaefer et al. The purpose of the present review is to provide an updated summary and analysis of recent findings related to AP and associated compounds with a particular focus on their potential role(s) in disease risk and general human health. Among the enzymes of interest in intestinal tissues is cytochrome P450 1A1, an enzyme known to activate chemical carcinogens. The relevance of this study relates to the reduced ability of larger molecules in polymeric form to be absorbed in the upper segment of the intestine, resulting in a higher residual concentration in the colon. (65) propose that the content of S-adenosyl methionine in apple juice concentrate might account in part for these effects, because comparable effects were observed with S-adenosyl methionine alone. A detailed report of apple phytochemicals and their health benefits was published by Boyer and Liu (1) in 2004. In vitro work in cultured human intestinal cells suggested that AP may directly alter lipid absorption and metabolism (49). The investigators isolated 43 components from an organic extract of apple and tested each for antioxidant/free radical scavenging activity using 5 different in vitro methods. AP might be protective because of their antioxidant potential and phytochemical content. In a cross-over study, 15 healthy female participants 1950 y (mean 24.6 y) old each consumed a 500-kcal test meal on 3 different occasions consisting of either fresh peeled apples, unsweetened canned apple sauce, or candy. AP consumption was also linked to beneficial effects on pulmonary function in healthy participants and those with diagnosed pulmonary disorders (1). Chemical Properties of Anthocyanins in Black Foods The basic C6-C3-C6 anthocyanin structure is the combination of anthocyanidins (aglycones) linking with sugars, which can be separated into anthocyanidin sugar-free aglycones and anthocyanin glycosides depending on structure [10]. Interestingly, prolonged exposure to AP resulted in even greater antioxidant capacity for some compounds, suggesting that metabolic products formed over a period of time may have differing antioxidant capacities than the parent phytochemicals and, in some cases, improved potential. A case-control study from the UK also did not show a protective effect of apples on risk of developing asthma (58). Because early lesions in the colon may progress to malignancy, the presence of premalignant hyperproliferative crypts and aberrant crypts are indicators of the potential pathogenesis of cancer in this model. The rats were provided phloridzin, a flavonoid isolated from apple wood in this study but also present in apples, particularly the peel. The test meals were adjusted to provide comparable macronutrients. The fraction highest in catechin also protected cells from oxidative damage in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal protective effect at 3 h. The protective effect was associated with a corresponding increase in antioxidant activity and reduced lipid peroxidation per measurement of MDA. The widespread and growing intake of apples and apple juice/products and their rich phytochemical profile suggest their important potential to affect the health of the populations consuming them. II. >15% of a large apple) was associated with a 10% risk reduction. HT29 cells, as well as a breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 were the models in a study of the effects of extracts of 10 fruits, including apple peel (Malus domestica) (21). It is speculated that environmental and lifestyle factors, such as reduced intake of dietary antioxidants, are contributing to the rise (51). Isolated fractions of the major phenolics in the juice (phloretin and quercetin and their 2 glucoside forms, phlorizin and rutin, respectively) were shown to account in part for the inhibitory effects. An extensive analysis of phytochemical metabolites in apple was reported by Cefarelli et al. Elevated lipids and aberrations in lipid metabolism are well-established risk factors for many types of cardiovascular disease. Other authors have described cell signaling and molecular mechanisms that respond to AP exposure. The reviewed studies do not prove cause and effect and further work remains to be done. The quantity of phloridzin the rats consumed represented ~6 apples/d, depending on variety. The authors provided a detailed analysis of the association between compound structure and related antioxidant potential using TBARS, autooxidation of methyl linoleate, and scavenging of radicals including 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate, H2O2, and NO. The authors of this study also searched for an association between total flavonol and flavone intake and a limited number of subtypes of these flavonoids (5 total) and reduced risk. The authors proposed that the weight loss was due in part to the significant decrease in energy density of the diet due to the addition of apples compared to the oat cookies in spite of the comparable fiber content of the two. In this study, 515 adults with diagnosed asthma were compared to 515 controls using dietary assessment by a 6-d food diary and 24-h recall. It is not known whether this is important under physiologic conditions, but it is an interesting mechanism by which AP might be related to glucose control in diabetes. Fermented apple juice extract had an antiproliferative effect in both cell lines, particularly in the LT97 cells, suggesting a greater effect on precancerous than cancer cells. These data support the potential of antioxidant activity to improve markers related to behavioral changes associated with the aging process. Exposure to apples and apple products has been associated with beneficial effects on risk, markers, and etiology of cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and Alzheimer's disease. New data have suggested a possible link between AP consumption and reduced risk of diabetes. These include the diet-related conditions of hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure, and stroke (33). The reduction in NF-B activity observed in these studies aligns with the suppression of cell proliferation by AP reported in many investigations. Investigations with this model have provided important clues that mechanisms of neuroprotection may extend beyond antioxidant effects. The composition of apples in relation to cider and vinegar production. Fifteen apple cultivars grown in two locations in Norway were investigated for their chemical composition, including polyphenol profiles. Oxidant stress also activates inflammatory mediators that induce asthma in experimental models and appears to be important in the etiology of asthma in humans (51). A man made a genius ingredient label for popular fruits and revealed why the term 'chemical-free' is meaningless. A similar pattern of beneficial association was present when the groups were stratified by age, energy intake, vegetable consumption, smoking, and BMI. Main conclusion The efficiency of suberized plant/environment interfaces as transpiration barriers is not established by the suberin polymer but by the wax molecules sorbed to the suberin polymer. There is convincing evidence that diets high in fruits and vegetables are associated with reduced cancer in the lung, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and colon (13). (20) crushed and extracted juice from cider and table apples harvested in Germany to prepare several polyphenolic mixtures, including one extract from apple pomace. Incubation of these cells with the apple juice extract for 24, 48, and 72 h reduced their growth. Checkmate, atheists. Results expressed on dry matter basis revealed the seeds contained the following: 2.74% protein, 15.86% crude fat, 7.67% crude fiber, 468.74kcal, 82.01% moisture content, 5.72% ash, 88.98% carbohydrate. Alloy 28 is a high-alloy multi-purpose austenitic stainless steel for service in highly corrosive conditions. Many investigations have assessed the potential antioxidant effects of AP. Therefore, the main objective of this current study was to determine the chemical composition, nutritional It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Results of the study were presented in 2 reports, the most recent in 2008. A self-administered FFQ was used to assess maternal diet at 32 wk of gestation. Dietary fat, including high PUFA intake, is associated with increased lipid peroxidation resulting in DNA damage (40). An intriguing report published in 2007 involved studying the association between maternal diet and the presence of asthma and respiratory symptoms in offspring 5 y later (56). As summarized below, recent studies demonstrate the potential of AP to mitigate many metabolic processes associated with the etiology of cancer at various stages. The apple protected cells from oxidative damage, particularly the extract that was highest in chlorogenic acid (104 mmol/L). Thus, the study of AP is highly relevant and they have important potential to affect the health of the populations consuming them. This group developed a standardized mouse model of neurodegeneration in which aged mice exhibit impaired cognitive performance and increased oxidative parameters in brain tissue when subjected to a prooxidant diet (deficient in vitamin E and folate; high in iron). The women were randomized to 1 of 3 diet groups for 10 wk including a daily intake of 300 g of apple (~1.5 large size), daily intake of a similar quantity of pear, or 60 g of oat cookies. Alloy 28 is a high-alloy multi-purpose austenitic stainless steel for service in highly corrosive conditions. The goal of the follow-up study was to determine if flavonoid content of apples accounted for the observed improvement in outcomes related to asthma. A crossover study of ex vivo data examined the effect of a bolus of apple (600 g of homogenized unpeeled apples) in a small group of young healthy males in Italy (n = 6) (38). selenium. Oxidative damage appears to be an initiating factor in several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, due to disruptions in DNA, protein, lipids, and other cellular components by ROS. I thank Sue Taylor and Stacie Haaga for their helpful discussion and review. Its chemical formula is C 10 H 10 O 4. (53) recently published a follow-up analysis of an earlier study in which they demonstrated a protective effect of apple consumption on asthma (54). Apple intake increased plasma total antioxidant activity by 64% at 3 and 6 h postconsumption compared to a water control, with resumption to baseline by 24 h after the test. Apple intake also reduced DNA damage in mononuclear blood cells, an effect the investigators proposed was likely mediated by antioxidant mechanisms. There is clearly a need for controlled clinical intervention studies using AP to further examine the potential association between AP and asthma. The nature of the link between diet and disease is complex. In a study of SW620, adenocarcinoma-derived metastatic cells of colon cancer, the goal was to determine whether polymeric apple phenols compared to monomeric forms were more effective in attenuating cell proliferation (19). There are several thousand phytochemicals present in whole foods and there is still limited characterization of the bioavailability and metabolism of these compounds in AP. An effect of AP on NF-B activity was observed in another cell line in a recent study by Davis et al. In vitro work has demonstrated that several important pathways and processes involved in carcinogenesis are affected by AP and phytochemicals in AP. The cells were exposed to apple extracts, prepared from fresh fruit (assayed for total phenolic and flavonoid content) across several ranges from 0 to 60 g/L. Hydrogen sulphide saturated. Treating the cells with apple juice extract increased the expression of several genes, including phase 2 enzymes associated with chemoprevention (sulfotransferases and glutathione S-transferases). An indirect outcome of inflammation (splenomegaly) was also reduced in the groups taking the phloridzin. Ongoing work continues to further delineate multiple mechanisms by which AP might be protective and suggests great promise. 3. Copyright 2023 American Society for Nutrition. There was a significant reduction of preneoplastic lesions in the animals exposed to the apple phytochemicals, including 50% fewer aberrant crypts. Hydrochloric acid, aqueous solution 2%. The prevalence of pulmonary disorders, particularly asthma, has been increasing over the past several decades worldwide (50). A hospital-based, case-control study published in 2005 included over 6000 participants from various regions in Italy and examined the association between fresh apple intake and risk of cancer (14). Recent work suggests that these products may also be associated with improved outcomes related to cognitive decline of normal aging, diabetes, weight management, bone health, pulmonary function, and gastrointestinal protection. It was found that the accumulation of esterified cholesterol decreased and the secretion of apo-B (B-48 and B-100) containing lipoproteins was reduced. Feeding the extract to rats for 3 wk resulted in significant dose-dependent reductions in several markers of lipid metabolism including reduced lipoperoxides (measured by TBARS) in serum and liver, lowered SOD activity in RBC, lower hepatic 6 desaturase activity, altered fecal excretion patterns, and reduced levels of oxidized cholesterol products in serum and liver. The sense of smell can detect odors are extremely low concentrations . Abstract Suberized cell walls formed as barriers at Thus, it is important to consider the effects of potential breakdown products in the gut in addition to metabolites in the blood (12). In spite of the similar chemical composition between some extracts, the antioxidant capacity determined by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity differed, suggesting that there are unknown compounds accounting for the observed antioxidant effects of AP.

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